Voder

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Introduction

The Voder, short for "Voice Operation DEmonstratoR," stands as a pioneering achievement in the realm of speech synthesis technology. Conceived and developed by an American electronic and acoustic engineer Homer Dudley in the 1930s at Bell Labs, the Voder was a groundbreaking invention that laid the conceptual groundwork for subsequent advancements in the speech synthesis field and paved the way for the sophisticated TTS technologies we rely upon today.

Designed similarly to an organ – a musical instrument with pedals and keys – Voder demanded an operator to manipulate its components effectively: through this manipulation, the machine could approximate speech-like sounds, portraying a semblance of human communication.

Historical Context

Before Voder, several significant milestones have marked progress in recreating human speech artificially.

The earliest attempts towards speech synthesis using mechanical means can be traced back to 1779 when Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein produced the five vowel sounds /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ using various shaped tubes. A few years later, W. R. von Kempelen of Vienna further advanced this and managed to produce not only vowel sounds but also a number of consonant sounds. His Speaking Machine, dating back to the late 18th century, utilized bellows and reeds to simulate limited vowel and consonant sounds, underscoring the potential for creating full-fledged artificial speech.

Charles Wheatstone built upon Kempelen's work with his Speaking Machine in the early 19th century. By incorporating a vibrating reed, Wheatstone's machine could produce a wider range of sounds compared to previous attempts, resulting in more accurate and recognizable speech sounds.

In the late 1920s, the author of Voder had created the much more well-known Vocoder, which coded human speech across telephone lines by turning incoming speech into electronic signals and then replicated it on the other end using electric sounds meant to mimic a person’s voice. The Voder, in turn, went one step further: it produced speech without the input of the human voice.

Working Mechanism

The Voder is a manually operated speech synthesizer that recreates the physiological characteristics of the human voice. It worked by breaking up human speech into its acoustic components using a set of ten contiguous band-pass filters that covered the entire speech frequency range and were chosen after a careful analysis of how the human ear interprets speech sounds. The initial sounds produced by either the oscillator or the gas discharge tube were passed through these filters, and their outputs were then passed through an amplifier that mixed and modulated them and passed it on to a loudspeaker in order to produce an electronic human speech. Thus, The Voder was designed on the principle that an electrical speech synthesizer must be a functional copy of the human speech source-filter mechanism that consists of the following steps:

  1. Having a steady energy source. This is achieved by the compressed air in the lungs. Correspondingly, the Voder had an electric supply for its steady energy source.
  2. Converting the energy into audible vibrations. This is achieved by two distinct methods: voiced sounds are produced by the vibration of the vocal cords in the larynx, and unvoiced sounds and whispers are produced by forcing a stream of air through a constriction in the vocal tract, which produced a hissing sound. Likewise, the electrical oscillator in the Voder produced the buzz tone that was used to create vowels and nasal sounds, and the ‘random noise’ source made the hissing sound used for producing fricatives.
  3. Creating various speech sounds. This is achieved by adjusting the resonances and couplings of air cavities through the movements of organs such as jaws, lips, and tongue. The air in these cavities resonates in a specific fashion to make certain overtones produced by the larynx to be radiated more efficiently to the atmosphere than others. In the Voder, this was achieved with the help of electrical filters. The potentiometers (devices that control how much electricity flows through a circuit) controlled by the finger keys were used to operate these filters.

Pitch control, in turn, was managed by a foot pedal, which also converted tones and hissing sounds into vowels, consonants, and inflections. Three additional keys were dedicated to triggering transient excitation of selected filters to produce plosive sounds, such as 'p' or 'd,' as well as affricative sounds, like 'j' or 'ch.'

Overall, the Voder machine was designed with ergonomics in mind, intended to function within the capabilities of a human operator. A normal human operator would only be able to control a maximum of ten keys at a time, and hence the spectrum keys were limited to ten. In practice, Voder was not an easy machine to operate: even after close to a year’s practice, an operator could only recreate a pre-programmed pattern.

Key Innovations

The Voder was among the first devices to allow manual control of speech synthesis. It was a pioneer in electronic sound generation, breaking down human speech into its fundamental acoustic components and reproducing these patterns electronically. This was a significant advancement in the early stages of electronic speech synthesis. Moreover, Voder was the first successful attempt at recreating an important physiological characteristic of the human voice – the ability to create voiced and unvoiced sounds[1].

To improve the operator's performance, the Voder had a recording and playback feature that allowed operators to objectively analyze their areas of improvement. This feature is similar to modern-day contact centers that use call recording and analysis to improve agent performance.

In fact, the abilities of Voder went beyond human voice, as it could also produce non-speech sounds such as musical tones and sound effects[2], and thus it was used in a variety of applications, including radio broadcasts, sound effects for movies, and even music performances.

Impact

The Voder was demonstrated to the public at the 1939 New York World's Fair, attracting widespread attention and showcasing the possibilities of artificial speech production. It was a significant step towards public awareness and interest in the field of speech synthesis. Bell Labs also continued its research in this field, and nearly two decades later, in the 1960s, they created a robot that could sing[3].

Future research

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References

  1. Dudley, H., Riesz, R. R., & Watkins, S. S. (1939). A synthetic speaker. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 227(6), 739-764.
  2. Diesterhöft, S. (2003). Meyer-Eppler und der Vocoder. Seminars Klanganalyse und -synthese, Fachgebiet Kommunikationswissenschaft, Institut für Sprache und Kommunikation, Berlin Institute of Technology.
  3. Cox, C. (1967). The Alien Voice. Alvin Lucier’s North American Time Capsule, 170-186.

Team Members

  • Igor Marchenko
  • Wangyiyao Zhou
  • Yaling Deng
  • Dongwen Zhu
  • Sherry Yeh