Editing Deep Learning Revolution (section)

=== Multilingual Automatic Speech Recognition ===
Advancements in deep learning have led to innovations in the field of multilingual Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). These advancements have facilitated the development of multilingual deep neural networks characterized by shared hidden layers across multiple languages. The output layers of the DNN’s can model either a universal phone set using the International Phonetic Alphabet or multiple sets of language specific senones.<ref>Tong, S., Garner, P. N., & Bourlard, H. (2017). ''An investigation of deep neural networks for multilingual speech recognition training and adaptation'' (No. CONF, pp. 714-718).</ref> These outputs have been used in many Language Adaptive Training techniques. Speech recognition systems leveraging these multilingual deep learning neural networks consistently yield substantial performance enhancements, particularly in lower-resourced languages.<ref>Huang, J. T., Li, J., Yu, D., Deng, L., & Gong, Y. (2013, May). Cross-language knowledge transfer using multilingual deep neural network with shared hidden layers. In ''2013 IEEE international conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing'' (pp. 7304-7308). IEEE.</ref>