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Commerical TTS - Google, Amazon, Apple and Microsoft (2010s)
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=== Amazon === The Kindle 2 was just the tip of the iceberg. While it allowed text content to be read aloud, the voice was mechanical, lacking human-like intonations. Amazon Polly was the next significant milestone. Launched in 2016 as part of AI functionalities of Amazon Web Services (AWS)<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/30/amazon-launches-amazon-ai-to-bring-its-machine-learning-smarts-to-developers/</ref>. Polly leveraged deep learning to produce lifelike speech. It supported multiple languages and offered a plethora of voices. Beyond simple reading, Polly could whisper<ref>https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-amazon-polly-speech-marks/</ref>, vary speech rates, and even emulate different styles<ref>https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-polly-introduces-neural-text-to-speech-and-newscaster-style/</ref>. Another major stride was with Alexa, Amazon's virtual assistant, introduced in 2014<ref>Luger, E., & Sellen, A. (2016, May). " Like Having a Really Bad PA" The Gulf between User Expectation and Experience of Conversational Agents. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 5286-5297).</ref>. Alexa's voice interactions were driven by sophisticated TTS engines. The innovation didnβt stop with English. Alexa was soon multilingual, speaking in German, Japanese, and other languages<ref>https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/11/alexa-now-speaks-spanish-including-in-multi-lingual-mode/</ref>. Voice User Interfaces (VUIs) were another addition, wherein the device could recognize individual users and customize responses<ref>Porcheron, M., Fischer, J. E., Reeves, S., & Sharples, S. (2018, April). Voice interfaces in everyday life. In proceedings of the 2018 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems (pp. 1-12).</ref>. This personalization made interactions more user-centric and increased user engagement.
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