Editing Casper The Voice Interface

= Introduction =
[[File:Casper_user_interface.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casper_user_interface.png|alt=Casper's user interface consists of a small floating window. This window always appears as long as casper is active and provides a trace of the user's voice interaction.|thumb|Casper user window<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Strong|first=Robert|date=1993-09-22|title=CASPER: a speech interface for the macintosh|url=https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/eurospeech_1993/strong93_eurospeech.html|language=en|publisher=ISCA|pages=2073–2076|doi=10.21437/Eurospeech.1993-464}}</ref>]]
'''Casper''' is a [[wikipedia:Mac_(computer)|Macintosh]] computer system that combines cutting-edge speech recognition and synthesis technologies to create a seamless speech interface. It integrates advanced speech recognition, speech synthesis, inter-application communication, and scripting capabilities.

== Historical Context ==
In the '''1970s''', the development of the [[wikipedia:Hidden_Markov_model|HMMs]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hidden Markov Models - MSc Voice Technology|url=https://wiki.voice-technology.nl/index.php/Hidden_Markov_Models|access-date=2023-09-18|website=wiki.voice-technology.nl|language=en}}</ref> system made the large vocabulary for continuous speech recognition models possible for voice technology development.

Building on the advancements made with HMMs, Casper revolutionized speech recognition technology, speech recognition technology which had to require users to pause between speaking each word before, such as the early version 1.0 of [[wikipedia:Dragon_Dictate|Dragon Dictate]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dragon Dictate - MSc Voice Technology|url=https://wiki.voice-technology.nl/index.php/Dragon_Dictate|access-date=2023-09-18|website=wiki.voice-technology.nl|language=en}}</ref>. The emergence of Casper changed this situation.

In the early '''1990s''', [[wikipedia:Apple_Inc.|Apple]], after assembling a team of speech recognition experts, initiated the development of Casper. By 1991, they had a working technology project known as Casper.

In '''1993''', the Casper technology became accessible through the [[wikipedia:PlainTalk|PlainTalk]] package. While it was compatible with all PowerPC Macintosh computers and AV 68k machines, it stood out as one of the rare applications that harnessed the [[wikipedia:Digital_signal_processor|DSP]] technology within the Centris 660AV and Quadra 840AV models.

However, it was not integrated into the standard system setup before the era of Mac OS X. To access its speech recognition capabilities, users needed to undertake a personalized OS installation.<ref>{{Citation|title=PlainTalk|date=2023-08-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PlainTalk&oldid=1172838918|work=Wikipedia|access-date=2023-09-17|language=en}}</ref>

== Operating Principles ==
Casper utilizes a '''"delegation"''' approach in its interface design. In a delegation-based interface, instead of detailing the specific actions required to accomplish a task, the user defines the desired end result.
[[File:Casper_Architecture.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Casper_Architecture.png|thumb|Casper Architecture]]

* Casper is notified when the speech recognizer frontend detects sounds that may be speech.
* It builds an appropriate language model based on the current context and passes it to the search component of the speech recognizer.
* The recognizer frontend and search components run asynchronously, so Casper can overlap frontend signal processing with language model building. Once the search is complete, the best interpretation of the utterance is passed back to Casper as a sequence of words.
* Casper then parses to find the best speech rule that matches the utterance. The command is confirmed by some combination of sound, visual changes to feedback windows, and synthesized speech.
* Finally, the user's command is implemented by executing the script associated with the speech rule.<ref>https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/pdfs/eurospeech_1993/strong93_eurospeech.pdf</ref>

== Key Innovations ==
A notable breakthrough in this technology is its ability to adapt to various users, rather than being designed for a specific individual. <ref>{{Citation|title=Casper: Apple’s initial Voice First system from 1992|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8De_KxYt1pQ|access-date=2023-09-17|language=en}}</ref>

Casper has the capability to engage in conversations with virtually anyone. In contrast to earlier programs that merely reacted to isolated words, Casper can comprehend complete sentences.<ref>{{Cite book|last=1- Ivie, 2-Rohde|first=1-Guy, 2-Sharon|title=SYSTEM ENGINEERING CONCEPT DEMONSTRATION, Technology Assessments|publisher=Griffiss Air Force Base, New York|year=1992|pages=26|language=ISO 639-2}}</ref>

== Impact ==
The emergence of speech recognition has had a lot of impact on people's lives.

* Casper is the first computer interface trained on trillions of sentences to understand continuous speech text.
* Casper is the first interface that can recognize the voices of independent speakers based on training from thousands of different people.

* Improves people's life efficiency, people can execute commands through voice.
* Can improve life experience, the emergence of voice recognition and smart technology has changed people's lifestyles.
* Casper has added many opportunities for business innovation in the future. The development of various smart devices and applications requires the support of speech recognition technology. Casper also had some technical help with the emergence of [[wikipedia:Siri|Siri]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction of Voice Assistants - MSc Voice Technology|url=https://wiki.voice-technology.nl/index.php/Introduction_of_Voice_Assistants|access-date=2023-09-18|website=wiki.voice-technology.nl|language=en}}</ref>.

== Future Research ==
The emergence of Casper was somewhat revolutionary in the field of speech recognition, but its appearance was like a flash in the pan and was subsequently submerged in the tide of history. In the future, studying why Casper disappears so quickly is a topic worth thinking about.

In addition, the current speech recognition function is becoming more complete and popular, but we still need to pay attention to the following in future research.

* '''Improve the accuracy of speech recognition:''' The accuracy of current speech recognition technology still has certain limitations. Future development requires more advanced technology and more complete algorithms to improve recognition accuracy.
* '''Privacy and security issues:''' Speech recognition technology involves users’ personal information and privacy, so more stringent security measures are needed to protect users’ privacy and security.
* '''Multi-language recognition and dialect recognition:''' The languages and dialects used by different regions and different ethnic groups vary greatly. Speech recognition technology needs to support multi-language and dialect recognition to meet the needs of different users.

== ChatGPT Review ==
We use Chat GPT to improve content quality and modify text errors. Below is how ChatGPT reviews.

* '''Act as a professor of speech science and review this text:''' ChatGPT added supplements to the relatively simple explanations to make the article more logical.

* '''Act as an professor editor and review the English used in this text:''' ChatGPT helped correct some grammatical errors and inappropriate expressions to make the article more readable.

== References ==
<references />

== Group Members ==
Lifan Qu, Yilan Wei, Siqi Zheng